Ethan Frome Lit Crit

Marxism is mainly about money and If you don't have money then your not happy and you will be unhappy because you wont have as much as you would like. The narrator needed a ride to his work and he couldn't find anyone someone told him about Ethan, that he will do anything to make a buck. The narrator asked Ethan and he ended up saying yes because he needed the money. When Ethan came back from law school, for good, his mother hired Keenan to take care of her but then people started talking and he felt obligated to marry Keenan In the end.When Ethane's mother died she was worried about money ND what Ethane's dad had done. Ethan worked In his lumber limb that he had and did anything to get a few bucks here and there. Since Keenan â€Å"always† got sick, since Ethane's mother died, she would spend most of their money to pay for her medical bills and medication. Instead of paying a maid to come and work for them Keenan was able to get Mattie to help her for free because Mattie didn 't have anyone after her parents died except her cousin Keenan. The first time Ethan picked up Mattie to him It felt like love at first sight when they first met her.Even though It was love at iris sight he TLD realize that It was going to be another person to feed even with the little money he was making from the lumber limb. Financially he had to make a way to provide to feed an extra person. Ever since Ethan met Mattie and when they would hang out he felt less stress about money. He kept wanting to leave with Mattie but never could because he couldn't leave Keenan just like that. He was afraid of what people might look at it. If Ethan was able to leave Keenan Just like the man who left his wife for his mistress he would.As much as he wanted to do so he felt bad to leave ere after all he did bring her to the house and now he's Just going to leave her with a house with bills that she couldn't afford to pay and she wouldn't able to sell it. The economy was down in town and people we ren't able to pay for or buy a house. The economy was down to a point where people were barely making it. Jobs were being lost. Some people couldn't afford a lot of food because they needed to have a house. This relates to Ethan From because Ethan was one of those people who couldn't make a lot of money.Ethan had trouble getting Just a little extra cash on the side Just o afford something for themselves. Ethan From Is a good example of Marxism because it shows that people of the lower class are always unhappy unless they have money with them. In this book it tells you that money is what makes people happy. If people didn't have money they would be stressing out and have house situations. The economy is based on money. Money keeps the economy going and when it goes down everybody struggles to make a living. Ethan From showed a form AT Marxism Decease social class. Outnumber ten story people Autocue mainly on money Ana t

Process Of International Convergence Of Accounting Standards Accounting Essay

Globalization may hold started 1000s of old ages ago with the long distance trade that connected Central Asia, China and Europe yet we can safely reason the magnitude of the trade and impact so can non be compared with what we are witnessing today. At the really nucleus of trade prevarications accounting which is said to be the ‘language of concern ‘ . With the convergence of telecommunications and information engineering, and the now ubiquitousness of the cyberspace this paper seeks to understand one of the few staying barriers to ‘full ‘ globalisation. Businesss need a unvarying manner through which they can carry on, step and unwrap their minutess so that they can be understood by any interested party around the universe. This is where the importance of holding a consonant international accounting criterion is realized. This paper looks at the construct and development procedure of international convergence of accounting criterions while it besides seeks to convey out the major unfavorable judgments / factors that could be said to be impeding the advancement towards holding harmonized international accounting criterions. The paper besides highlights both statements for and against convergence of international accounting criterions. Finally possible attacks that could be applied to aide in the hastening and/ or distributing the ‘gospel ‘ for harmonisation of the international accounting criterions are outlined in the recommendations subdivision. The paper ends with a strong pro- harmonisation decision.IntroductionGlobalization is the procedure of integrating and interaction of people, administrations and authoritiess of different states. It is driven by investing, international trade and supported by information engineering. The effects of globalisation are manifested through the alterations in people ‘s civilizations, prosperity and economic development, alterations in political systems, societies and besides alterat ions in the environment. With globalisation we have witnessed an increasing volume of trade in goods and services and capital flows as foreign direct investings ( Levin Institute para1 ) . As transnational companies, persons and authoritiess seek to increase their wealth through designation of feasible investing chances around the Earth, the demand for developing tools, techniques or methods that will help in doing accurate determinations has arisen. Accounting is the linguistic communication of concern. It is used to pass on the being and development of a concern ‘ fiscal state of affairs and the public presentation of its economic entities. Fiscal information is a linguistic communication signifier, hence if we are to utilize it to do determinations on investing or taking up recognition it should non merely be apprehensible but besides be comparable. Due to the rise of new concern factors, such as the international pecuniary system and the planetary economic system, concerns need a unvarying manner through which they can carry on, step and unwrap their minutess so that they are apprehensible by any interested party around the universe ( Diaconu 1-2 ) . In brief what we are stating is that for one to accurately compare the public presentation of two concerns located in different parts of the universe 1 would happen it much simpler if the two organisations that he was comparing used a similar accounting system for their analysis. There has been some attempt for sometime now to come up with a consonant international accounting criterion. Soon, the two major accounting criterions that are in usage are the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) and the United States ‘ By and large Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . The IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) and are presently in usage in about 100 states ( including the European Union, Australia, South Africa etc ) . Whereas there are many states that abide by International Financial Reporting Standards, there are many more that do non stay by it. The two noteworthy states that do non follow the IFRS are the Canadian Accounting Standards Board ( AcSB ) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and. The IASB which is mandated with the end of making planetary criterions that are of high-quality, apprehensible, crystalline and enforceable via the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) comprises of a 14 – member commission, from nine different countries.A On the other manus, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) represents a varied group of techniques used to treat, fix and present public accounting information. GAAP is general in its methods and it is this generalization that makes it suited for version by many different types of industries. This is why many industries in the US are urged to detect GAAP rules. The Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) is the organisation granted authorization by the US Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) to set up the by and large accepted accounting rules. A GAAP ‘s nucleus rules include consistence, comparison, dependability and relevancy. United States companies and foreign subordinates of US multinationals use the US GAAP while their European Union opposite numbers and their foreign subordinates use IFRS. Due to the international political relations that belies the full IAS harmonisation attempt, most stakeholders in capital markets are forcing for the thought of an international convergence between the IFRS and U.S. GAAP as the best solution ( Diaconu 1 ) . International harmonisation of accounting criterions has been defined as the effort to convey together different accounting systems. Samuels and Piper view it as the procedure for bring forthing a interactive consequence through the combine and blending of assorted patterns into an orderly construction ( 56 ) . Harmonization is perfectly necessary because national criterions of fiscal statements are virtually useless in today ‘s universe. Fiscal markets in states where there is more ordinance are threatened with a loss of market portion while transnational corporations must come up with multiple studies for different states where they operate in ( Nobes and Parker 19 ) . Iqbal, Melcher and Elmallah claim that there is a demand for the convergence of accounting criterions for the interest of the foreign investor who requires aid in understanding the fiscal paperss of the companies in other states where they may wish to put their financess. Prior research on harmonisation of accounting criterions may be described as being either empirical or qualitative. Qualitative research has typically looked at the sensed advantages of convergence and its impact on standard compositors. Empirical research on the other manus, turn toing international harmonisation of accounting criterions follows two major attacks, de jure and de facto harmonisation. De jure harmonisation involves analyzing of accounting criterions and other ordinance while de facto harmonisation entails the analysis of corporate accounting patterns within a given regulative model. Harmonization is a â€Å" moving mark † and more recent studies by international accounting houses have been used to set up the extent of de jure harmonisation. De facto harmonisation is a examination of fiscal coverage patterns.The Concept and Development Process of International Convergence of Accounting StandardsIn 1973, the International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was founded to develop planetary accounting criterions. In April 2001 the IASC was reconstituted into the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) which officially proposed a â€Å" Convergence † construct. Convergence targeted doing the same economic minutess but in different planetary legal powers to be utilizing the same accounting attack. Moussa outlines the development procedure of international convergence of accounting criterions as follows: First: Convergence represents advancement through consisting the demands of incorporating international economic systems and sets the way for future development. Nevertheless, convergence requires great attempt if it is to be achieved ( Moussa 89 ) . Second: Convergence does non equal identity. One needs to understand that states have different regulative constructions ; they have dissimilar economic environments, cultural doctrines, and even differ on the quality of comptrollers they possess. Users of accounting information are besides non likewise ( Moussa 89 ) . Third: Convergence is a procedure. It is a procedure because in the universe there are ever new issues originating which require the states to actively and continuously innovate new mechanisms to make constructions which meet such demands as they come up. It is merely through this that states can accomplish equitability, sovereignty, international efficiency and development of planetary diverseness ( Moussa 89 ) . Fourth: Convergence means interaction between different states, between single states and the IASB, and between the IASB and regional professional accounting organic structures. There is a demand for sustained communicating to larn from each other and to obtain common acknowledgment from each other ( Moussa 89 ) . Moussa farther lineations three phases of international convergence of accounting criterions as illustrated below: International Comparison refers to a comparing among different states accounting criterions. Through international comparing the differences and similarities among different national accounting systems are revealed. From such disclosures it becomes possible to supply conditions for the international convergence of accounting criterions. International Harmonization is the international dimension of economic development that promotes international harmonisation of accounting. International Convergence is the concluding phase for the coveted planetary convergence of accounting criterions. International convergence is being driven by the two phases listed above, international comparing and international harmonisation, and economic globalisation. The purpose is to finally stop up with planetary common accounting criterions developed through such a dynamic procedure as the one outlined above ( 90 ) .Issues environing the development of consonant international accounting criterions ( IAS )Historically, the US, Europe, the UK and Latin American theoretical accounts have been the four major accounting criterions theoretical accounts in usage within the industrialised states: . The International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) took the lead with respects to the standardisation of these theoretical accounts. In 1973 the UK, the US and Canada embarked on a procedure geared toward making harmonized international accounting criterions. The International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was subsequently formed and it presently has representatives from accounting organic structures in 106 states. By 1991 there had been 31 criterions issued ( Lochner, Jr. 108 ) . Fleming says that for convergence of international accounting criterions to happen the undertaking must get down with coming up with criterions for the coverage attacks required by the different national securities regulators ( 101 ) . In April 2001 the IASC was reconstituted as the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) which officially proposed the ‘convergence ‘ construct. In lesser-developed states, the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has aided in the standardisation attempt through their aid to authoritiess with respects to their fiscal direction processs, through accountant instruction plans and by advancing the constitution of regional accounting associations ( Fleming 102-103 ) . A cardinal first measure to deriving an international understanding on the definition of fiscal statement points would be for the international industry to put political force per unit area on securities regulators. Second, practising comptrollers and the course of study of concern school accounting plans would necessitate to rapidly follow these international criterions. Third, authorities fiscal coverage criterions need to be made to suit in with international exchange rate coordination such as those developed by the African and Asian Development Banks, the G7 states, the International Monetary Fund and the Organization for Economic Coordination and Development ( OECD ) . Finally, the accounting organic structures in less developed states need to be reassured to follow these harmonized international accounting criterions in alternatively of burthening themselves with the immense disbursal of making domestic accounting criterions ( Weber 67 ) . There is no denying that the procedure of coming up with internationally harmonized accounting criterions is a political procedure for illustration the FASB criterions are the consequence of complex political dialogues and procedures. The truth of the affair is that those with political power do hold vested involvements in domestic criterions. Again, each state has its ain accounting policy processes which necessitate the demand for tonss of dialogue for any state seeking to equilibrate its legal sovereignty with international cooperation. Lochner, Jr. says that the tendency in international cooperation has been toward bilateral and trade-block understandings for illustration the convergence of European Union ‘s ( EU ) accounting criterions which is a trade-block ( 108 ) . The issue of extra-territoriality makes it hard to implement international jurisprudence therefore national authoritiess would necessitate to spearhead and implement international accounting criterions ( IAS ) harmonisation. By and large, contracts between states tend to be more enforceable than contracts between citizens of different states. A common statement frequently raised against the convergence of international accounting criterions ( IAS ) has been that the costs of development and acceptance of IAS criterions would far surpass its benefits. However, Goeltz believes that the manner has already been laid out by the international capital markets. These marketplaces / Bourses have quickly acknowledged the being of a planetary market to the extent that to authorise investors with the information they need to do sound investing determinations, they have gone in front to hold some gloss to convergence in the accounting criterions that they employ ( 86 ) . In instances where authoritiess seek to privatise some of the industries they have been engaged in international accounting criterions could be adapted to so that private investors from anyplace in the universe would be able to expeditiously measure these concerns based on their fiscal records. Developing states have become cardinal beginnings of comparative advantage in the planetary economic development particularly when we look at of import factors of production such as natural stuffs and labour. Therefore we can non disregard the importance of including developing states within the model for harmonising IAS. Having harmonized international accounting criterions will be utile when we need to mensurate the value of these developing states ‘ assets in the universe market. Besides, in order to help in the enterprises of inter-governmental economic development cooperation between states authoritiess ‘ accounting demands to be standardized ( Weber 68 ) . Again, we need to observe that developing and developing states view convergence of international accounting criterions as a gambit by the economically superior states to enforce criterions on them. Another unfavorable judgment points to the really nature of accounting. Accounting is a flexible pattern that is it can be modified to accommodate a assortment of state of affairss. The statement here is that if accounting criterions are harmonized it would lose its flexibleness. The job would be whether the internationally set criterions would be able to fit the broad scope of phases of economic development, national fortunes and legal systems. A inquiry on quality may originate in fortunes where the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , the organisation with the authorization of coming up with a consonant IAS, find it hard to hold consentaneous understanding on some of the accounting criterions. The belief is that IASB would be forced to do via medias so that the international accounting criterions it has come up with are accepted globally. These could connote that the criterions will be permissive and unequal. Nobes and Parker suggest that companies would hold to edify their investors about possible inauspicious effects that this convergence of international accounting criterions could hold on the net incomes and liabilities they get to describe. They are of the position that harmonisation of IAS could shoot volatility into the balance sheets of some transnational corporations. This could be unsafe to these companies as their net incomes may be lowered ( 77 ) .Advantages of holding a consonant international accounting criterion ( IAS )The grandest benefit that would flux from convergence of IAS would be the easiness of comparing international fiscal information. This relaxation of comparings would extinguish one of the biggest hindrances to the flow of international investing that is it will decrease the current scruples on the dependability of fiscal statements from ‘foreign ‘ states. Harmonization of IAS would salvage clip and money. Presently, to follow with the different national Torahs or pattern of different states so much clip and money is spent to roll up fiscal information in the cases where more than one set of studies is demanded. Choi, Frost and Meek claim that harmonisation will raise the accounting criterions throughout the universe to the highest possible degree because it will be less hard to look into for consistence with local societal, legal and economic conditions ( 34 ) . This would be particularly good to international accounting houses with clients of houses, and whose operations consist of at least one foreign subordinate because they will be able to make comparings without excess digests. Nobes and Parker write that states which lack equal statute criterions of accounting and scrutinizing would besides stand to profit from the convergence of international accounting criterions ( 38 ) . Another benefit that International Accounting houses could obtain with respects to the harmonisation of accounting patterns will be the decreased disbursals that they normally incur for motion of staff across national boundaries. This is because they would hold eliminated staff preparation costs and cost-of-time incurred on larning different accounting systems. Having a consonant IAS lessens the undertaking for fiscal analysts, investors, and foreign loaners who will so be in a better place to grok the fiscal statements of foreign companies. Samuels and Piper position this as a encouragement with respects to doing it easier to raise foreign capital ( 56 ) . In add-on to that, the fiscal analysts, investors, and foreign loaners would besides be able to compare the different investing chances as they seek to do consistent, sound and more accurate investing determinations. National revenue enhancement governments are besides bound to profit from holding a standardised accounting system because they would be able to calculate net income based on matching accounting rules and patterns. O'Malley ( 1993 ) adds that the being of international accounting and revelation criterions would do the procedure of carry oning operational and competitory analyses needed to carry on concerns across the Earth simpler. In add-on to this, fiscal executives will besides happen it better for them to pull off cardinal relationships with providers, clients and others. Finally, those who stand to profit the most out of the convergence of international accounting criterions would be the Multi-national companies. This is because it would so be faster and less resource demanding to pass on fiscal information within their regional, national and international concerns.The disadvantages of holding a consonant IowaNobes and Parker outlines the most cardinal obstructions to harmonisation as being three, viz. : the economic and political systems differences among states ; some states lack strong professional accounting organic structures ; and the prevailing differences of the current accounting criterions in different states ( 25 ) . Even in instances where the figures for say a concern are generated utilizing the same international accounting rules, states would still exhibit significant differences, economic and/or cultural, that would prevent simple readings. Accounting criterions are a contemplation of a given society ‘s demands and positions for illustration the Gallic Commercial Code is much more compliance-oriented than the U.S. or British accounting regulations, which strongly convey the constructs of equity and substance over signifier ( Diaconu 6 ) . Saudagaran points out that patriotism is besides another major menace to harmonisation. He argues that states are wont to be wary of yielding control of their accounting ordinance to foreigners at the slightest perceptual experience that it will be replacing its ain accounting ordinances with those of another state ( 1-7 ) . Another disadvantage of holding a consonant IAS is that all the authoritiess of these different states will hold to keenly organize their accounting policies with criterions and processs predominating in other states. This is an excess load in the sense that authoritiess may be required to put up organisations to make these coordination activities. Diaconu besides tells us that while convergence may be taking topographic point, authoritiess must happen ways to cut down negative influences from abroad from pervading their criterions while seeking ways to maximise on absorbing the positive influences coming from abroad ( 5 ) . States in the universe have different users who have different demands. For illustration a state that largely lends to other states has dissimilar demands to a state that borrows or owes. This implies that the consonant IAS that could be proposed could be excessively complex for one state or excessively simple for another, depending on the alone demands of their industries, authoritiess and investors. A perfect illustration for such a quandary state of affairs could be the magnitude of divergency between the demands of smaller concern entities and the demands of big multinationals in developing states. A factor that the consonant international accounting criterion will necessitate to see is the different degrees of edification, human resource and influence among different national accounting professionals. The IAS could stop up being excessively sophisticated for certain states particularly in the underdeveloped universe.RecommendationsInternational organic structures must make more to advance international convergence of accounting criterions. International organisations such as the World Trade Organization, the IMF, G7 and the World Bank are progressively playing bigger functions with the increasing volume of planetary trade. They are besides holding more influence over their rank which they could utilize to advance harmonisation of IAS. Multinational corporations need to show leading. The rapid addition in economic globalisation has led to mushrooming of multinationals. These transnational corporations due to their monolithic turnovers and net incomes are able to act upon determination shapers and policy shapers. By showing leading through recommending for usage of and practically utilizing harmonized accounting criterions would better the thrust towards credence of convergence of international accounting criterions. Leading concern schools that produce the bulk of the universe ‘s concern leaders besides have an of import function to play. They should be encouraged to offer classs that are biased towards usage of accounting criterions geared towards convergence. If the immature MBAs are encouraged to follow the consonant international accounting criterion ( IAS ) way so we would anticipate minimum opposition towards this enterprise in the hereafter. Communication may be good therefore far but we still need to set more accent on communicating and interaction between different states, between states and professional umbrella accounting organic structures and between states and the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . Irvine and Lucas recommend that for developing states and emerging economic systems appropriate regulative systems will necessitate to be developed so as to get the better of some of their cultural issues. They argue that the proposed harmonized IAS is brooding of western-oriented accounting criterions, regulative substructure and civilization ( 2 ) . Therefore other than merely proclaiming the benefits to be accrued with the acceptance of IFRS the development states and emerging economic systems will necessitate to be convinced to purchase into the thought.DecisionHarmonized international accounting criterions ( IAS ) are an indispensable constituent of the quickly globalized economic system. This matching of accounting criterions will add additions to the universe economic system through the proviso of more ‘perfect ‘ information, facilitation of international minutess and minimising exchange costs. Through a consonant IAS the universe ‘s economic policy think arm ored combat vehicles and policy shapers would be availed with standardised information that would be good in determination devising. Furthermore, a harmonisation of international accounting policy would assist make a flat playing field in the universe, for case regulators would be having the same information and therefore doing the rating procedure closer to the ideal state of affairs. In fact, we could boldly asseverate that with international accounting criterions ( IAS ) harmonized, the universe ‘s resources will be better utilised. However we can non minimize the unfavorable judgments and disadvantages that we have mentioned in this paper. Information communicating engineering and telecommunications convergence has quickly provided us with the tools necessary to do international accounting criterions convergence a possibility to be aimed at. All said, the benefits for holding a standardised IAS do outweigh the demerits.

Good Learning Essay

What are learning outcomes? Learning outcomes specify what learners’ new behaviours will be after a learning experience. They state the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that the students will gain through your course. Learning outcomes begin with an action verb and describe something observable or measurable. Examples At the end of this course you will be able to: 1. Use change theory to develop family-centred care within the context of nursing practice. 2. Design improved bias circuits using negative feedback. 3. Demonstrate the safe use of welding equipment. Learning outcomes often represent discrete units of instruction in a course but each may have several sub-outcomes. Learning outcomes need not be attained by specific instruction in a lesson—they may be woven throughout the course. For example, they may include such things as use problem solving techniques or work effectively in teams. Why are learning outcomes important? Learning outcomes are the most important section of your course outline—the essence of your course. They are essential because they: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ define the type and depth of learning students are expected to achieve provide an  objective benchmark for formative, summative, and prior learning assessment clearly communicate expectations to learners clearly communicate graduates’ skills to prospective employers* define coherent units of learning that can be further subdivided or modularized for classroom or for other delivery modes. †¢ guide and organize the instructor and the learner. *By reading your listed learning outcomes, an employer or professional in the field should be able to identify what knowledge, skills, and attitudes your students will be able to offer them after taking your course. How do learning outcomes fit into program goals? Learning outcomes for a course should fit within the overall course and program goals. This chart shows how they relate. Program aim and goals Course goals Learning outcomes (Competencies) Sub-outcomes (Learning Tasks) 2 †¢ Instructional Job Aid Write Learning Outcomes How many learning outcomes should there be? There should be as many outcomes as needed to clearly reflect what the students will gain from your course. Follow these rough guidelines when deciding how many you need: †¢ Each major topic in the course should have one to three learning outcomes. †¢ Each 45-hour or three-credit course should have between five and 12 learning outcomes. When you are writing the outcomes, you will use only one action verb per outcome. For example, you would use two learning outcome statements for designing and testing a circuit: 1. Design improved bias circuits using negative feedback. 2. Test bias circuits using negative feedback. Sub-outcomes Each learning outcome may be made more explicit by using several sub-outcomes. For example: Learning Outcome 1: Study productively to meet learning goals. Sub-outcome 1. 1: Identify effective generic and personal study habits. Sub-outcome 1. 2: Describe self-motivation strategies. Sub-outcome 1. 3: Select appropriate study techniques to match your personal style and material. Learning Outcome 2: Manage stress constructively. Sub-outcome 2. 1: Identify potential sources of stress. Sub-outcome 2. 2: Predict generic and personal stress patterns. Sub-outcome 2. 3: Select appropriate stress management techniques to prevent or control stress. Sub-outcome 2. 4: Create a personal stress management plan. Learning Outcome 3: Install electrical wiring safely. Sub-outcome 3. 1: Identify relevant sections of the Canadian Electrical Code. Sub-outcome 3. 2: Describe electrical hazards. Sub-outcome 3. 3: Select appropriate tools and materials. Sub-outcome 3. 4: Identify safety rules about wiring on the job site. Sub-outcome 3. 5: Apply safety rules as you wire a circuit. Instructional Job Aid †¢ 3 Write Learning Outcomes Classifying learning outcomes When specifying learning outcomes, think about what you want students to be able to do on the job as a result of their learning. These things fall into three possible categories (domains): †¢ thinking, knowledge (cognitive domain) †¢ doing, skills (psychomotor domain) †¢ feeling, attitudes (affective domain) Of course, some units of learning may occur in more than one domain  at the same time. Each of these categories has different possible levels of learning. These range from simple recall or observation to the complex evaluation or organization of information. Choosing appropriate action verbs The charts on pages 5 to 7 show samples of the action verbs you could use for learning outcomes in each of these categories and levels. Make sure that the verbs you choose match the level of learning you require. Notice that the action verbs listed represent measurable or observable behaviours. Vague verbs such as know or understand are not easily measurable. Substitute, identify, define, describe, or demonstrate. Some subjective terms such as appreciate and be aware of may sometimes be used for outcomes in the affective domain. As you construct your learning outcomes, use the checklist on the back of this job aid. It will remind you of all the important points about learning outcomes. 4 †¢ Instructional Job Aid Cognitive Domain Evaluation Definition: (thinking, knowledge) Synthesis Definition: Judges the value of material for a given purpose. Analysis Definition: Formulates new structures from existing knowledge and skills. Sample Verbs: Comprehension Definition: ? assess ? conclude ? evaluate ? interpret ? justify ? select ? support Knowledge Definition: Remembers previously learned material. Grasps the meaning of material (lowest level of understanding). Sample Verbs: ? describe ? discuss ? explain ? locate ? paraphrase ? give example ? translate Sample Verbs: ? define ? identify ? label ? list ? name ? recall ? state Understands both the Application content and structure of Sample Verbs: material. ? combine Definition: ? construct Uses learning in new ? design and concrete situations Sample Verbs: ? develop (higher level of ? analyze ? generate understanding). ? categorize ? plan ? compare ? propose ? contrast Sample Verbs: ? differentiate ? apply ? discriminate ? carry out ? outline ? demonstrate ? illustrate ? prepare ? solve ? use Write Learning Outcomes Instructional Job Aid †¢ 5 Based on â€Å"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives†, B. S. Bloom Editor. 1956 6 †¢ Write Learning Outcomes Instructional Job Aid (doing, skills) Adaption Complete Overt Definition: Response Definition: Psychomotor Domain Organization Creates new patterns for specific situations. Mechanism Definition: Performs automatically. Adapts skill sets to meet a problem situation. Sample Verbs: Guided Response Definition: Sample Verbs: Set Definition: Imitates and practices skills, often in discrete steps. Perception Definition: ? adapts ? reorganizes ? alters ? revises ? changes ? designs ? originates ? combines ? composes ? constructs Definition: Sample Verbs: ? copy ? duplicate ? imitate ? manipulate with guidance ? operate under supervision ? practice ? repeat ? try Senses cues that guide motor activity. Is mentally, emotionally, and physically ready to act. Sample Verbs: Sample Verbs: ? detect ? hear ? listen ? observe ? perceive ? recognize ? see ? sense ? smell ? taste ? view ? watch  ? achieve a posture ? assume a body stance ? establish a body position ? place hands, arms, etc. ? position the body ? sit ? stand ? station Performs acts with increasing efficiency, Sample Verbs: confidence, and ? act habitually proficiency. ? advance with assurance ? control Sample Verbs: ? direct ? complete with ? excel confidence ? guide ? conduct ? maintain efficiency ? demonstrate ? manage ? execute ? master ? improve efficiency ? organize ? increase speed ? perfect ? make ? perform ? pace automatically ? produce ? proceed ? show dexterity Based on â€Å"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives†, B. S.  Bloom Editor. 1956 Affective Domain Internalizing Definition: (feeling, attitudes) Organization Definition: Integrates the value into a value system that controls behavior. Valuing Definition: Responding Definition: Responds to stimuli. Attaches value or worth to something. Conceptualizes the value and resolves conflict between it and other values. Sample Verbs: Sample Verbs: Receiving Sample Verbs: Sample Verbs: Definition ? act upon ? advocate ? defend ? exemplify ? influence ? justify behavior ? maintain ? serve ? support Selectively attends to stimuli. Sample Verbs: ? accept ? acknowledge ? be aware ? listen ? notice ? pay attention ? tolerate ? agree to ? answer freely ? assist ? care for ? communicate ? comply ? conform ? consent ? contribute ? cooperate ? follow ? obey ? participate willingly ? read voluntarily ? respond ? visit ? volunteer ? adopt ? assume responsibility ? behave according to ? choose ? commit ? desire ? exhibit loyalty ? express ? initiate ? prefer ? seek ? show concern ? show continual desire to ? use resources to ? adapt ? adjust ? arrange ? balance ? classify ? conceptualize ? formulate ? group ? organize ? rank ? theorize Write Learning Outcomes Instructional Job Aid. †¢ 7 Based on â€Å"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives†, B. S. Bloom Editor. 1956 Checklist for writing learning outcomes Use the following checklist to help you as you write learning outcomes. When writing learning outcomes, I need to: 1. Focus on outcomes, not processes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 2. Start each outcome with an action verb. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 3. Use only one action verb per learning outcome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 4. Avoid vague verbs such as know and understand. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ! 5. Check that the verbs used reflect the level of learning required. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 6. Ensure that outcomes are observable and measurable. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 7. Write the outcomes in terms of what the learner does, not what the instructor does. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 8. Check that the outcomes reflect knowledge, skills, or attitudes required in the workplace. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ! 9. Include outcomes that are woven into the entire course (such as work effectively in teams). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ! 10. Check that there are the appropriate number of outcomes (no more than three per major topic) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 11. List the sub-outcomes for each outcome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 12. Check that the outcomes fit within program and course goals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. !  ©1996, revised 2003 Learning Resources Unit †¢ British Columbia Institute of Technology Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the Learning Resources Unit, British Columbia Institute of Technology.

Biomedicine pre study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biomedicine pre study - Essay Example The remaining portion of the cell except the nucleus or the knuckled region is the cytoplasm and consists of cytosol and various organelles essential for the functioning of the cell. Ribosomes are simple organelles in which protein synthesis occurs (Kent, 2000). The cell wall of plant cell is made up of cellulose while that of animal cell is made up of phospholipids. Such a cell wall allows the plant to take in large amounts of water through osmosis without being destroyed. Plant cells synthesise energy by means of photosynthesis during which sunlight is converted to energy. For this purpose, plant cells have chloroplasts which have their own DNA and which direct the work of chloroplasts, These organelles are absent in animal cells and animal cells synthesise energy through metabolism of the food they take. Another major difference is the presence single large vacuole in the plant cells. Animal cells have small multiple vacuoles. Also, plant cells have a regular shape and the shape of animal cells varies greatly (Kent, 2000). DNA and RNA are the structures in the cell which carry inherited traits. Inheritance mainly occurs due to meiosis. In this type of cell division, the genome of the diploid germ cell which has long segments of DNA organized in chromosomes undergoes two rounds of cell division resulting in four haploid cells. During division, replication of DNA occurs. Each of the four haploid cells contains one complete set of chromosomes which is half of the genetic content of the original cell. The haploid cells act as gametes and fuse with gametes of the partner. One gamete fuses with only one gamete of the partner . This is known as fertilization and this leads to a new diploid cell or zygote. Thus chromosomes of each parent undergo recombination in a homologous manner during the process of meiosis and thus each zygote inherits DNA from both parents (Kent, 2000). The four most

Hormone replacement therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hormone replacement therapy - Essay Example On the other hand, low-dose vaginal medicines of estrogen, coming in the form of cream, pills or a ring can properly control vaginal symptoms and a number of urinary complications, while limiting body absorption. Low-dose vaginal medications do not prevent hot flashes, osteoporosis or night sweats. Long-term use of systemic hormone therapy for the inhibition of postmenopausal complications is no longer regularly advisable. But some research findings show that estrogen reduces the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases when administered early in menopause (Kaygusuz et al, 2014).     For cases of early menopause in women, estrogen is essentially prescribed together with progesterone-rich medications. The need to balance estrogen concentration levels with progesterone is because the former hormone alone can stimulate the thickening of the uterine walls, thus increase the prevalence of cancer of the uterus (Kaygusuz et al, 2014). Any woman whose uterus has been removed does not need t o take hormone replacement therapy, because it would be meaningless.Demerits of hormone therapy  Despite the advantages of hormone replacement therapy, it carries with it several risks. The use of estrogen-progestin drugs in known to soar the prevalence of certain grave complications, including: cardiovascular diseases, stroke, breast cancer, and blood clots (Kaygusuz et al, 2014). As Kaygusuz et al (2014) said, the therapy should be administered to a healthy woman who has: a) experiences of moderate to serious menopausal symptoms.

Discussion Question 2 Week 10 - Short- and Long- Run Impact Assignment

Discussion Question 2 Week 10 - Short- and Long- Run Impact - Assignment Example en in shared service centers); eliminate redundant information systems and unify multiple platforms; minimize inconsistencies in data definitions; automate manual processes; reduce the number of handoffs; better integrate far-flung offices and acquisitions; bring new employees up to speed faster; broaden responsibility for controls; and eliminate unnecessary controls† (Wagner & Dittmar, 2006, p. 1). 2. From the e-Activity above, analyze how easy or difficult it may be for officers and managers of organizations to stay in strict compliance with SEC rules and for consumers, investors, and regulators to detect errors. Then, determine at least one action that CEOs and boards can take to improve compliance. The 10Q of a company are actually defined as â€Å"a comprehensive report of a companys performance that must be submitted quarterly by all public companies to the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the 10-Q, firms are required to disclose relevant information regarding their financial position. The form must be submitted on time, and the information should be available to all interested parties† (Investopedia US, 2013, p. 1). The 10Q was likewise noted to be filed within 35 days after of the first three quarters. Therefore, it is tedious for officers and managers to stay in strict compliance due to the regularity and comprehensiveness of the information which should be disclosed and to be likewise disseminated to relevant stakeholders: consumers, investors, and regulators. Therefore, to improve compliance, since there is a standard format to the followed, accounting and finance personnel must regularly update their financial reports (which is actually done in the company’s books daily, weekly and monthly). As such, consolidating the figures on the required quarterly basis would be easier. For instance, a look at the 10Q of Amazon.com contains financial information and other information contained in 47 pages (Amazon.com, 2013). Thus, the wealth of

INFORMATION SOURCES IN BUSINESS (STOCKS) Assignment

INFORMATION SOURCES IN BUSINESS (STOCKS) - Assignment Example Common stocks are units of ownership that carry with them voting rights that can be used in making some of the vital decisions in the corporation (Investor.gov, 2015). The shareholders receive their dividends and vote during meetings to make vital changes in the companys operations (Hafer & Hein, 2007). Conversely, preferred stocks are not associated with voting rights; hence, the shareholders are not directly involved in the corporate decision-making structure. The privileges include the priority in the case of liquidation and receiving of dividends before the common shareholders (Mrzygłod & Nowak, 2013). According to (U.S Security and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2015), stocks can be traded through stock funds, full-service brokers, direct stock plans and dividend reinvestment plans. The stock market can be affected by different fiscal policies such as taxes and other regulations by governments. It can be defined as a market where publicly owned companies trade their stocks on various exchanges and are found in free market economies (Parameswaran, 2011). The size of the market can be determined by jurisdictions based on various country borders. Stock indexes can be classified as an underlying stock security used in the future and options derivatives. The derivatives rely on the price of the underlying stocks in the markets. Additionally, stocks have also been to represent financial value; hence, can be regarded to as a form of current (Parameswaran, 2011). For example, a company can own part or full ownership of another during mergers and acquisitions through the exchange of stocks an d equities. They are many listed associations listed under self-regulatory organizations that control fiscal and monetary policies in the stock markets. Examples include the Japan Security Dealers Association (JSDA) that is found in the Japanese securities markets. Launched in 1940, JSDA

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media - Essay Example ‘Hot’ media was descriptive of elements of the mass media such as radio, newspapers and magazines. These media types give a lot of information to the reader or listener but do not give room for a lot of sensory involvement or completion on the part of the listener or reader. What McLuhan described as "cool" media included media sources like television as well as the telephone or television. Due to the fact that these devices do not give as much information as the radio or newspaper, they have to exact a stronger sensory â€Å"hold† on the attention of their users so as to remain relevant. McLuhan was especially engrossed with the effect of the television, which was just then gaining popularity, on its regular viewers. He was even more enthralled when later research established that television actually affects viewers by supporting them in developing passive brain wave patterns. Each mediums form is connected with a different understanding where the senses are conc erned and so expose the consumer to different experiences. These experiences or alterations of perceptions form the basis of the general message’s meaning. McLuhan had a broad definition for the word ‘media’. He perceived it as â€Å"any technology that ... forms extensions of the human senses as well as body†.2 McLuhan correlated parts of the body with technological parts so as to give a better characterisation of how he perceived technology. For instance, he felt that clothing was simply an extension of the skin, while the book could be said to be an extension of the eye. McLuhan felt that these industrial extensions could in fact intensify a specific human sense while the remaining other four were disregarded. Therefore, technology, according to McLuhan, interfered with people’s sensory balance, which then affected the emotional responses of the larger human society. This process, according to McLuhan, could be viewed as being the unintended caus e of all the principal cultural shifts that have typified eras of human history like the industrial age or the renaissance. McLuhan believed that human beings adapt to their environment by way of given balances, and that the main medium used in each age unearths a distinct sense ratio. McLuhan perceived every medium as being an exaggeration of one of the human faculties. He even believed that the human central nervous system is represented in the electric circuitry. It was McLuhan’s believe that in the prehistoric era, humankind existed in the perfect condition in which all of man’s senses functioned together in perfect synchronisation. In his words, â€Å"prior to the discovery of the phonetic alphabet, humankind existed in a world where all the five senses were simultaneous and balanced; this was a world of filled with resonance as well as tribal depth†.3 Humankind, according to McLuhan, lived in a space that was devoid of margins or even a centre. The only wa y through which preliterate people could exchange ideas was through speech. In essence, all information

Leadership question 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership question 1 - Essay Example , portrays a strong personality and makes effective decisions at the time of conflict, among his key influencers are pertinent beliefs in proportionality, not being rational and empathizing with his enemy. He explains that rationality is inconsequential in a time of conflict and a leader must therefore make decisions based on their judgments of the situations. Most conflicts are always irrational; he thus explains that making rational decisions at such times may only cost a leader his or her subjects. Proportionality is his guiding principles as he employs the resources he had. The resources often range from the human resources to financial and material resource among many others. Leaders must portray strong personalities capable of making judgments that safeguard the interests of their resources. Robert McNamara’s success arose from his ability to budget for the resources at his disposal appropriately. This way, he made decisions that protected the interests of both the country and his subjects. Additionally, he explains that empathizing with the enemy is a sure way of making functional decisions especially in times of conflicts. Such is a rational philosophy owing to the fact that in conflicts only the two parties exit. Each party thus makes decisions based on the prevailing circumstances of the other. By empathizing with the enemy, it becomes possible either to end the conflict or to compel the enemy to act in a particular manner thus solving the conflict amicably as he did in most of his time as the secretary of defense (James, Langan and Sarah 6). The film portrays Robert McNamara as a strong and independent mined individual who control an entire government department at a time of conflict successfully. Among his strengths are independent personality which enabled him make and take responsibility of his decisions. As a government secretary, Robert McNamara would have taken instructions from the government through the president. Instead, he often consulted

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Studying organizational behaviour helps to explain, predict and control organizational development, and overall its performance. Organizational climate, on the other hand, ascribes to the observable, powerful force that defines the organization, thus, it can be said to stem from organizational behaviour as it sets the pace for the force. The customs, procedures, policies and practices are what define the organizational climate as these are perpetual. It is important to identify how these come about as such an understanding will help develop models that positively impact performance, behaviours and attitudes of among individuals and groups within the organization. For managers, understanding organizational climate becomes crucial when planning to undertake transformational change. This is because it is more measurable and definable than organizational culture as a tool for driving change. In gaining this understanding, management may gauge the perception of the employees by asking how they feel working there; weighing their level of morale and finding out if there is any goodwill in the business. By asking how the employees feel about working there, management can also deduce their sense of loyalty and belongingness to the organization. This will facilitate designing a strategy for change that will be easily embraced by the employees making it effective (Griffin and Moorehead 2010, p.472). Broken down, organizational climate, following the micro organizational theory, is defined using two relationships between the people and the organization; and between the superiors and subordinates. This lays emphasis on leadership as the most significant determinant of organizational climate. Other determinants include organizational culture, historical forces, standards of accountability, standards of behaviour, rewards, communication, trust and commitment, organizational networks and vision and strategies. Looking into these makes the concept of organizational culture more definable and facilitates modelling to improve performance, attitudes and behaviours. Often, managers focus on organizational culture, which is rather detached from the actual situation (Srivastava 2005, p.42). Leadership is the most significant determinant since a leader will influence the behaviour and expectations of every person within the organization. This may be outlined in two ways, the course followed by management and styles of leadership. A leader sets the climate within an organization going by how he engages with employees to gain their commitment as well as strategizing on the changes that need to be made in order to improve performance. The process of management ascribes to the relationships set by the organizational structure; that is, how superiors interact with their subordinates and vice versa. In addition, it refers to how management initiates change, bureaucracies, policies and procedures. For example, an organization that is reluctant to reward well-performing employees or invest in team-building activities will reflect a negative attitude from employees as they will have no commitment (The Kennedy Group n.d). Of importance as well, leadership practices employed when fostering a desirable organizational climate, that will in turn breed good organizational performance, should focus on competition as an external goal. That is, guiding employees to be better than their counterparts

Divorce and Remarriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Divorce and Remarriage - Research Paper Example For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus† (Galatians 3:26-28). Once a person is a believer, there are no distinctions or special dispensations; no excuses. There are, however, levels of moral law1 which must be applied to any and all situations humans encounter in life. After maneuvering through the hierarchical layers, close analysis of biblical permissions for divorce are: fornication and adultery; life-threatening neglect of basic essentials such as food, clothing and shelter; non-fulfillment of marital sexual obligations; mental or physical abuse; departure of the non-believing spouse; and permanent separation despite attempts at reconciliation.2 If any or all of these conditions are met, the spouses are released from the marriage bond and thus free to remarry without committing adultery. The marriage bond is sacred, but it is not absolute. Biblical law was set up to guide sinners from sin to redemption, and there is always room inside the law for the sinner to return to a state of grace. However, we are by nature prone to sin, so the laws clearly address certain instances in which avoiding the sin of dissolving the marital contrac t would cause us to commit another sin such as putting ourselves in danger or choosing to remain married to a sinner.3 Neither of these is a good alternative, so the law allows for marriage dissolution. Before we can discuss the dissolution of the marriage contract, it is helpful to understand what is implied by the marriage contract to start (which provisions are included in the â€Å"standard† contract and which are added on as addenda during our human interactions). The standard contract is straightforward. A man and a woman join in marriage and become one

Hafford furniture Essay Example for Free

Hafford furniture Essay A Crisis at Hafford Furniture: Cloud Computing Case study MMBA 507 Student ID: 300333323 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Hafford Furniture was a furniture manufacturer since 1970, supplying to furniture retailers, wholesalers and occasionally one-time bulk purchasers across the United States. Hafford relied on a Business Information System (BIS) to handle all the internal business processes. The BIS was seamlessly connected to a VAN-based EDI system, which served as the customer’s interface for making orders. In 2008, Hafford’s entire IT infrastructure and data storage were destroyed by a massive hurricane. Hafford was able to restore the company data with its disaster recovery plan, but not all its IT function. In March 2009, VP of IT proposed in a management meeting to adopt SaaS cloud solution to restore the IT function. Hafford could access to the same BIS without having to worry about the cost to rebuild another IT data centre. He projected that the IT staff strength could be halved, as the cloud vendor would take care of the management of the software’s platform and its infrastructure. The next day, the president of Hafford ignored the internal decision-making protocol and contracted their disaster recovery vendor, PFI Services for that same cloud service. In January 2010, Hafford was faced with appalling sales report for the year before, mostly caused by bottlenecks in the ordering system supported by PFI. Not only was the cloud capability insufficient, PFI was also filing for bankruptcy and undergoing liquidation. Hafford once again fell into a desperate situation. REVIEW OF KEY ISSUES Management issues Lack of Corporate governance The weak corporate governance in Hafford is especially notable in the fundamental change process. While there was an internal policy for creating a fundamental change in Hafford (Fig 1), Feckle, the President, had ignored it by entering into a cloud contract without consulting any of his top management, just one day after the premature proposal was shared with him. It was extremely risky to make such a significant business decision without sufficient knowledge in the service that he engaged. To make a well-informed decision, Feckle should have adhered to the corporate policy and trusted the IT professionals to evaluate and recommend a suitable vendor. Figure 1 Fundamental change policy 2. Failure to think critically during decision-making It is understood that Hafford used to adopt a VAN-based EDI-system specifically due to its security, despite it being slower and more costly. In Norris’ proposal for using cloud, he altered the company’s priority by pushing for an internet-based EDI-system, without providing solid justification. Questions like â€Å"will the internet-based EDI change the business in any way?† or â€Å"will it compromise customers’ security? † were not asked. The management seemed to have accepted this change too easily, without understanding its impacts. This concern should have been analysed more thoroughly before concluding to transit to an internet-based EDI-system. 3. Poor understanding of business needs The IT obj ective was not fully aligned with the business objectives. For example, in 2009, while the company was expecting a 30-35% increase in sales due to the efforts in a series of product improvements, the IT team was preparing a cloud proposal to the company basing only on the old IT functions. It had missed out on considering how it could support an explosive sales surge. Furthermore, Hafford was switching its VAN-based EDI to an internet-based EDI, which could potentially allow Hafford to widen its reach to attract a new group of SME customers. This could play a part in increasing their sales. However, Hafford did not foresee these changes, likely due to lack of communication between departments within Hafford. IT issues 1. Lack of thorough analysis in cloud computing The IT team failed to conduct due diligence in exploring all possible solutions that could meet its needs. While cloud offered great advantages for the company, it might have been too hasty to consider only private cloud as the final solution. In fact, public, private or hybrid cloud offered different potentials and could achieve the goal within competitive cost as well. The IT team should also have analysed each cloud model against its business needs before determining if software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS) or a combination of services would work best. 2. Lack of on-going management While cloud is said to be flexible, it demands some level of active management to harness the most of it after implementation. The IT team should be able to react quickly to resolve problems like the order bottleneck or a data lock-in. Besides, the IT team should have been more vigilant in ensuring business continuity for the company. RECOMMENDATION The key failure observed in the case was the lack of understanding in cloud computing and the lack of communication in the company. Like any other business decisions, the management should have exercised prudence by developing clear objectives and analysing the opportunities and threats before arriving at its conclusion. In this section, a recommended methodology to approach Hafford’s IT restoral problem is presented. Step 1. To develop business objectives The most important step is to approach a business problem with a clear business objective. It will be necessary for the management to look at the restoral of the IT centre as a collaborative business problem. Communication within the organisation is crucial in aligning all the stakeholders’ goals. With effective teamwork, the IT will appreciate the business values better and be able to analyse the suitability of various options. Step 2. To compare various viable options The IT team should research on what the available solutions are, before zeroing into a particular infrastructure option. While the restoral of a physical data centre may be expensive, there may be payment structures that could help reduce the impact. On the other hand, cloud computing may appear cheaper but it inextricably exposes users to a range of risks, especially in the aspect of security. Also, there are hybrid options that can minimise risk while offering cost benefit. In short, the IT team should fully understand the merits and shortcomings of the following options before selecting the IT infrastructure. 1. Public cloud 2. Hybrid cloud 3. Private cloud 4. Public cloud – Physical data centre 5. Physical data centre Step 3. To choose the suitable cloud service model There are three common service models in cloud computing. It is important to evaluate each model’s attributes and determine which cloud model would be more suitable for the business needs. 1. Software as a service (SaaS) To understand threats and opportunities of cloud computing Cloud computing offers the following powerful advantages but also opens a gateway to a wide range of threats. 1. Elasticity Usage-based pricing model, charging users only for the capacity used Scalability in terms of network and speed depending on demand 2. Simplicity Setting up and maintaining a data centre can take significant manpower. Cloud computing offers convenient and economical business solutions to clients, while taking advantage of the economy of scale by taking care of one specialised area in bulk. 3. Cost-efficiency No capital cost required. Companies benefit from the transference of risk (of over-provisioning and under-provisioning) of investing in a private data centre. While accepting these benefits from cloud, users should also exercise due diligence by being aware of all the possible problems cloud computing brings. Some of the crucial problems are outlined as follows. 1. Business continuity There is always a risk with placing valuable business information with a single third party. As such, the best way to go about is to even out the risk by employing multiple cloud providers and devising a business continuity strategy should any of them fail. Data lock-in It would be risky for a company to be unable to easily extract their data and programmes from one cloud provider to another due to compatibility issues of the programme and data from one cloud provider. In order to mitigate this risk, SaaS developer could use standardised API so that the business can remain flexible and mobile. 3. Data security While most cloud providers invest a considerable amount of attention on managing security, users should assess the security standards adopted by the cloud provider against their requirements before engaging it. 4. Insufficient capacity Although it is said that cloud is scalable, in rare occasions, businesses may experience traffic surges beyond what their contracted cloud can offer. Hence, it is important to strategize carefully before deciding on the cloud service. Step 5. Choosing the cloud vendor After thorough analysis and establishing a clear description for the cloud service needed, the user will have to evaluate the following factors to arrive at the most suitable vendor. 1. Pricing structure While cloud vendors typically follow a pay-as-you-use pricing model, pricing structure varies. For example, Google AppEngine charges users by the cycles used while AWS charges by the hour for the number of instances the user occupied. 2. Security Users need to look at a cloud service’s physical as well as network security. This refers to the physical location the cloud provider houses its equipment and network security measures like firewall and data encryption. Also, a cloud provider should be compliant to government standards specific to your business. In the case of Hafford Furniture, it was an auditing requirement for Hafford to ensure the cloud vendor is compliant with Statement on Auditing Standard No.70. 3. Other factors A clean record does not promise anything, it would be beneficial to also look at the vendor’s track record against available benchmark systems. Also, it would be helpful to have a vendor that can provide reasonably good service. Hence, it is important to know about the extent of customer support services, the setting up process and the ser vicing response and resolution time. Step 6. Engagement of cloud vendor and getting started During cloud rollout, especially from a different sort of data management, it would be common to face various teething problems. Cloud vendor should try to achieve seamless implementation, and companies might need to prepare their staff and/or customers should it affect their routine jobs significantly. Step 7. On-going active management of the cloud service Internal IT team should be continuously vigilant towards possible threats to ensure that the cloud service adopted by the company is safe and secure. Active backups of data must not be neglected. Also, internal feedback reviews could help the IT team understand the possible difficulties faced by the users, and also stay up to date with the company’s business initiatives.

Operation Management Report For Alton Towers

Operation Management Report For Alton Towers Introduction In my report to CEO I am going to explain the importance of operational management and how environmental factors affect the operations management then various operational strategies. Explaining the layout of the Alton towers and what the strategic importance of operational management are further more capacity planning, inventory planning and quality control planning. 1.1. Operations management Operations constitutes an essence role in all case by business enterprise, covering a broad chain of actions, not entirely making up, merely whole steps in the general supply/value chains. This let in procurement, stocktakings, adeptnesss, logistics, and statistical distribution. Operations management constitutes the management of the resourcefulnesss, techniques, and systems of rules accustomed translate input signal into end product to produce vendee rate. These courses of study concentrates on trading operations rules and methods utilized through systems contending globally although besides allowing a strong ecumenical masterminding direction ground. 1.2. Main focus of this leisure business As it is obvious from the case study the main focus of the business is to provide there customer the magnificent surrounding, historic legacy, fun and flight of the imagination which suits all ages and tastes. It is clear from this statement is that there main focus of operation is the customer satisfaction and by doing this achieve the Alton tower strategic goals and objective of profit maximization and become market leader in theme park business. To attract the visitor Alton tower new attractions like Oblivion, the Nemesis, Ugland and Energizer. Beside the ride and physical leisure for its customers it contain eating places like restaurants, shops where visitors can buy there desired product of the choice. Instead of shopping and eating Alton tower do organize and conduct exhibition and festival to attract more visitors. Alton tower do succeed in achieving there desired target as shown above in the case study there were over three million visitor in 1998 beside of attraction how Alton tower can gain this in providing their customer quality of services in lower price as Alton tower was charging Nineteen pound of the entrance which is not just entrance fee like other theme park do but this price include use of all rides for unlimited times. They do provide special discounts discount to elder or aged customers and organized parties. For the purpose of offering the high quality of services to its customers Alton tower maintain team of 1800 staff who are performing their duties like operating rides caterers, cleaning and shop supervisors and security purposes. Security department are one and only by the life-sustaining servicing in business sector alike these, Alton Towers could advance itself for a safe park to travel to along concentrating on it is safe record all over the yrs, and whatsoever safe certifications they have received. They could build safe a primary feature for whatever future rides, and promote these information. Alton tower has spent 20 million on these new rides in order maintain attraction of the park between peoples which is part of its ten year development program me. Due to size of the park as it is on 800 acres it is not possible for the visitor to visit the whole park in one attempt therefore they take step to construct the hotel in the park in which they provide comfort services to the visitor where they can stay at night by pay the attractive price which is another step of achieving its strategic objective. Alton vary its fee accordingly in peak, off peak, week days and week ends times in which there was rush of visitors. Alton tower can asses that how well they focus on their operations effectively by providing questionnaires to visitor and examine the level of their satisfaction and there opinions regarding how it can improve its services. 1.3. Environmental Factor Effecting Operations Management The type of environment within which, the operation functions. The key environmental variables for operations managers are: *Volume-refers to the number of times that an operation has to deliver a service or product. The combination of specialization, standardization and high volume and high volume also usually opens up the possibility of using technology to perform the task *Variation-describe the pattern of the volume demands. If there are many peaks and troughs in demand the situation is said to be one of high variation *Variety-is the term applied to the number of different types of service or product demanded. High variety environment s require different services or products on a frequent basis, whereas low variety demands look for the same output for most of the time There are several environmental factors that affect the business operation in an economy. They are classified into internal and external factors. The internal factors are those which relates to organization internal environment that can be under the control of the organization like its culture leadership and manufacturing processes. On the other side the external factors includes social environment, political, rivals, government bodies, rules and regulation issued by the regulating authorities like accountancy standard board etc. Environmental issues in the case The 1st issue that create environmental issue arise in 1924 when its operation was bought by Alton tower after that it was under the hold of army during the period of war. War destruction totally destroy the park as we are aware of the during and after war side effect on the local environment it was in poor condition when it handed over to Alton tower again for refurbishment it cause major effect to environment. As there is no way to mitigate the affect of such event as it arise such event are out of control of organisation, as its obvious during war period its impossible to protect any area and property. Therefore the one action is to control such events is in hands of government and their relation with other countries. 2nd impact was made by the technological era as the installation of new rides in park beside of customer and visitor attraction does have environmental issue as well like sound pollution, cutting trees and machinery waste pollution to environment. It can be mitigated by trying to preserve my natural resources like by instead of destroying they can be move them to alternative places which will overcome the overall impact to least level. Using such technology which was closer to sound reduction and produce minimum waste. Finally, as Alton tower has invested potential amount of money for new ride. Mostly rides was indoor and few which are outside is due to its limitation to cover them as this will cost the Alton tower major cost on the other hand it will destroy the natural things as well. It would have social issue as well as the visitor came there to entertain themselves with naturalistic environment. Another weather issue as the park is closed between November and February. This factor is also out off control of Alton tower as it is weather that prevent the visitor to come there one way it to create as much indoor facilities that protect the visitor from the tightness of weather as this step will cause massive investment as well agree the visitor to come which will happen only by huge marketing policy and attractive packages like reduction in price which I think is not cost benefit strategy for Alton tower as this will increase its cost but reduction in profitability. But most indoor concerts can b e organised there to attract the visitor to come and entertain themselves from it. Task 2 2.1. Various operation strategies At the mind of operations is the idea of transformation (output). Inputs are acquired, and the operations process converts them into outputs. Operations strategies in bare: Operation implies driving matters finished. Operation management comprises significant because its causative dealing administration resourcefulness. Operations are an day-after-day action. Strategy constitutes course to accomplish organisation long-run targets. Operation strategies are referred on correcting of aims for operations by whole procedure. Theres accented relationship betwixt operations and functions. There are all of the time hazards of dispute tween operations and functions. Because commercializing objectives to fulfill clients demands and expect operations to offer diversity, intensity, speed and higher quality service. This will direct to lower effective servicing till an contingent operation strategy is designed to conciliate and associated on additional roles by administration. All procedure experiences it is strategically target also equally operational objectives. E.g. Commercializing functions strategically target aspirant selecting cost, advancement etc and operational side implies daily tactics inward providing service. Operations strategies let in administration set up strategy, localization strategy, man resource strategy, marketing strategy, hence all functions of organization has operations responsibility in addition to equally long-run. 2.2. Evaluate and analyse the operation strategies adopted by the business. I am going to evaluate the operational strategies of Alton tower under following headings. Product and services Process and technology Capacity and facility Human resource Quality Product and services Under this operation strategy I believe that Alto tower are offering the design there services according to need and understanding of the taste of the Visitor so they are fully fulfil the need of the users of those services. Alton tower has installed new rides in park like Oblivion, The Nemesis, Runway mine train and haunted house etc. These are the products that meet the international standards and provide its user adventure and thrill they are willing to obtain from it. Alton tower has invested 20 million which is part of ten year program in which they are planning to launch new products and services for their users. There are few age and height restriction for the visitor which on one hand is in best interest of the user but if we see it from the user point of view some of them was not satisfied with this discrimination. Not only ride if we look at other services like shops amusement parks, live entertainment and exhibitions these are all fall in the services that Alton Tower are offering to its Visitors to entertain them and meet the expectations. Therefore I think Alton tower are fully active in its product and services operational strategy. Process and technology Alton tower was offering there customer Professional services in each section like ride operators, caterers, cleaner, shop assistant, supervisors and security personnels. Professional and trained operator was handling the rides which include the speed and safety measures for the visitors. Therefore visitors consider themselves to be safe when they using the ride as the feel they are under safe hands. Services like catering and shop supervision providing to elderly visitor who was unable to take ride can entertain them selves from the services that meet the highest level of quality their priority was customised to visitor need. In each process Alton tower are using the latest technology in offering these services. Capacity and facility In 1998 Alton tower entertained over three million of the visitors and they are planning to increase this annual volume of visitor per year for this purpose they installed new rides as described before to attract more visitors toward Alton tower. As explained in case study during east bank holiday the visitor reaches to 40000 and through out summer this limit sustain to 30000. Alton tower has so much area which is left as for exploring that can be utilise for further activities. There fore Alton tower do pass this operation management strategy of capacity and facility in order to hold the capacity it has develop market and shop exhibition hall where they can facilitate the visitors. Human resource In order to fulfil this strategy objective Alton tower recurit1800 staff members and more as needed during the peak time. As their is limited explanations of human resource policy in case study however Alton tower need to provide training for operating new ride installed in the park before its opening and they need to have policy to treat each member of staff equally and paid standard for like paying them on hourly basis or monthly basis. Teams should be maintain to support each different areas of theme park and task should be assign to them and proper supervision held on them so that they are performing their tasks accordingly. Bonus and post employment benefit schemes should be launched so that employees consider there future safe and offer highest level of quality in their work. Quality In this business the quality is extremely important as ride need regular maintenance because it raise health and safety issues. It is Obvious from the case that Alton tower in maintaining quality in each business services. 2.3. Strategic importance of operations management Each and every decision and strategy implementation was imposed from strategic level in every business. Therefore it is vital at strategic level to know whether there strategy was successful at operational level and it is the operation management responsibility to strictly implement instruction to achieve the desired targets. Operation management deal the day to day activities of the business therefore report on regular bases to strategic level the stage of completion on there strategy and if there are any problem arise at operational level that need careful consideration. Task 3: 3.1. Factors affecting the design of product and services and benefit gained from good design Operations managers have to consider factors like the nature of demand, the degree of vertical integration, flexibility, degree of automation, and quality level and degree of customer contact while making process design Nature of Demand: Organization need to produce products or design the services according the expectation of the customers. Schedule need to be made in order to produce product and services on time by take in to consideration the seasonality, growth in trend and demand of customers. Influence of demand patterns The demand pattern of the product and services are varying due to following factors influence like seasonal factors. For example demand for ice cream rise during summer season and air conditioning etc. Influence of price level Mostly customers demand more products at cheaper price, as they are price sensitive this will affect on the design of product and services. Degree of vertical integration: Vertical integration is degree in which determine the degree of product and services can produced internally. There are two types of integration: Forward integration is expansion of organization product to different chains and different markets. Backward integration organization tries to expand backward to source of supply. Flexibility: Organizations have to be flexible in order to increase or maintain their market share. In order to meet the flex demand of the customers organization need to be flexible in its operations. Flexibility can be broadly classified into: Product/service Flexibility and Volume Flexibility etc. Degree of automation: Despite the cost factor of implementing the automation operation management should focus on the automation for their production processes. This will reduce the labor cost and speed up the process of production. How ever the level of quality demand by the customers also impact upon the cost factors. Benefit of good design Below are 5 points to remember in order to assess the usefulness and potential success of a design. It can be adapted to specific design professions, even projects and used as a checklist. Benefit of good design includes: It should meet the desired objectives. It meets the desired quality standards. Customer is satisfied with the quality of service. Automation increase the processing time and reduce the labor cost. Customer is satisfied with the price of the product and services. 3.2. Discuss layout of Alton tower: Facilities Available at Alton Towers Resort: Through out the park 8 cash machines are installed which can be used by the customers for withdrawals of cash. Gift Shops. Push chair hire at Guest Services. Wheelchairs take into service for disabled guests, available from Guest Services. Lockers at Guest Services. First Aid is between the Towers Restaurant and Sky ride Station. Toilets are expediently situated in a multiplicity of spaces all the way through the park. Restaurants, bars and cafà ©s are as well situated right through the park. 3.3. Work measurement Work measurement is concerned with the relationship between units of output and resource time. It provides the factor that converts units to time and vice versa. According to Jack Greene view in the time study and work measurement. Work measurement is the place to start, for any organization where people or machines contribute to output, customer service, or cost. Work measurement also provides tools to manage your business better †¢ calculate actual capacity the operation can produce †¢ develop standard cost models for products and services †¢ justify equipment and automation acquisition †¢ meet the Sarbanes Oxley Act for financial understanding of costs †¢ adjudicate disagreements about workload, assignments †¢ analyze variance to find problems †¢ estimate potential benefit from changes beforehand According to Institute of management services: Work measurement is the process of establishing the time that a given task would take when performed by a qualified worker working at a defined level of performance. There are a variety of ways in which work may be measured and a variety of techniques have been recognized. The essential practice, irrespective of the particular measurement technique being used, consists of three stages; an analysis phase in which the job is separated into suitable, separate components, normally known as elements; a measurement phase in which the exact measurement technique is used to establish the time required to complete each element of work; a synthesis phase in which the different elemental times are added, together with appropriate allowances to construct the standard time for the complete job. Task 4: 4.1. Capacity planning In the case after the three million visitors in 1998 Alton tower took plan too increased this capacity for this purpose it had invested 20 million for extension of park, for this reason it installed new ride to attract the new visitors and in order to cope with the increased volume of visitor it constructed magical hotel where visitor can stay day and night during there visit and increased the number of shops and recruit additional staff to serve the visitor in efficient way. For capacity planning demand need to be forecasted ahead in order to analyse that demand meet the capacity of the company product and services. Demand can be converted into capacity by inserting time requirement. Or following method of capacity planning can be used to support the demand. Level capacity plan: in which capacity remains same it will not alter with the change in demand. Chase demand plan: in this expand the capacity with the increase in volume of demand through increase the shift and no of staff to cope with this. Manage demand: demand will be managed to deal with the capacity. In Alton tower case they have adopted chase demand plan for capacity planning as the increase the number of rides and shops and to handle the volume of demand they recruit the addition staff to fulfill the demand or volume of visitor. 4.2. Inventory planning Method Economic order Quantity (EOQ) The economic order quantity is the number of units that a company should order in an order to reduce the cost of inventory. Costs include cost of storage, cost of holding and cost of shortage. Benefit of EOQ is ongoing review of the inventory system it help to calculate the reorder level which help the business to determine what to order and how many time and who often to reorder to minimize the cost of inventory. Just in Time (JIT) Just in time is producing goods in required demand, in necessary quantity and in necessary Quality require by the customer. By doing this many business improve there return on assets. Cost includes Provide regular training to staff and establishing the policy so that they become flexible. Benefit of using JIT it reduce the operating cost, greater performance through put, higher quality, improved delivery and increase in flexibility. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) ERP provides business the control and visibility in operation to maximize the profitability and to fulfill the customer demand. ERP provides the business to manage there operation with dynamic forecast using formula based production. Benefits totally based on forecasting and inventory planning, easy to use, system is flexible, easy to understand, quick and reduce cost of operation. 4.3. Approaches for project management and quality control The traditional Approach In traditional approach it identifies the step that is going to be completed. It has five steps: Initial stage Planning and design stage Production stage Monitoring stage Completion stage Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) It is the method of planning that mainly focuses on resources like physical and human need to continue the project. Once the resources is final than project are plane and managed to ensure that resources that had planned are ready when critical chain starts and subordination other resources in the critical chain. PRINCE 2 It is information that describes the justification for setting up and continuing a prince2 project. It provides the reason for the project. An outline business case should be in the project. PRINCE2 provide a method for organization project within a plainly clear frame. PRINCE2 describe actions to direct people and activities in a project, how to design and supervise the project, and what to do if the project has to be adjusted if it does not develop as planned. Quality Control Approaches Total quality management This method is beyond the quality assurance under this approach business is concerned by creating the quality culture in the organization in which each employee is aware of quality demand to satisfied their customer. In this method every employee set out to satisfy the customer placing him at the heart of production process. Quality circles These are groups of employees who work on similar task or area of responsibility and sort out solutions for the problems to improve the quality of work. This team was head by the manager and supervisors which also improve the employee morale. Benchmarking In this method organization find out the leading competitor in the market who are performing at optimum level in there production and service areas, in order to benchmark its operation so that to stay level with the competitor. 5.1. Just in time: The first most suitable strategy of Toyota is just in time inventory. It means manufacture automobiles simply when you get the order from client at real time. Toyota Company establishes just in time inventory idea and gives benefit to its respected clients by providing excellence automobiles. The main advantage of just in time is help to run the Toyota companys manufacturing operations most easily and without wasting the raw material by estimating that what is required, when is required and how much amount is required in order to finish the given project. Basically, the main attitude behind just in time scheme of Toyota is removing wastes; decrease waste material and unreasonable requirements resulting in improved output. Kanban System: The Toyota Kanban system is one of the controlled developed inside the Toyota production system (the way we make things). The Toyota production system is exclusive and unmatched. The thinking after it and way of execution has been perfected after long years of test and mistakes. In a nutshell it is also a structure of construction based on the attitude of whole removal of waste that asks for highest in rationality in the way we create equipments. And it can be named as Toyota style production scheme or Toyota production structure. Only when the Toyota production system in its totality is acceptably conducted, can there be an efficient deployment of Kanban structure. Jidoka system: The word Jidoka appears under total production system of Toyota and it can be talked about as an individual aptitude and automation with a human stroke. The word Jidoka captivating its roots forms Sakichi Toyoda the creator of Toyota Group. The major advantage of Jidoka that excellence must be fabricated in the manufacturing procedure. And major purpose of Jidoka technology in Toyota manufacturing procedure is that device is automatically end when the construction is finished. It also has a purpose that device excellence or equipment problem happens, the device automatically discovers the difficulty at its own and stops, and it stops imperfect products from produced. And due to this simply those products are transported to next procedure which is fulfilling the criteria to transfer into next procedure and excellence of building products of Toyota enlarges with the passage of time without damaging the material. What are manufacturing operations? A manufacturer is an individual, an enterprise, or a body that produces something. Consequently, a produces process is a company or a plant where goods and commodities are prepared. Raw materials are used to produce these goods and are then twisted into complete goods prepared to be sold. A manufacture is an extremely significant factor in the selling procedure because without them, the products we require, utilize and enjoy would not be present. What are service operations? Service Industries comprise those industries that do not generate goods, but offer convinced services. The peculiarity of these industries is that frequently the utilization of the service takes place while it is in the generation. Typically, this segment comprises hospitality, publicity, banking, insurance, consultancy, logistics, etc. Compare and Contrast the Manufacturing industry with Service industry: Manufacturing and service business is frequently altering. Basically, in manufacturing business one can determine the presentation of the product. The presentation could be calculate by building efficient utilization of the product physically, and on the other hand in service industry its bit tough to determine the performance of ones service, because one matter is that it is intangible and it cannot be calculated, but once possible view to measure the performance of service business by captivating the feedback by companys reliable consumers. Productivity is more simply measured in manufacturing as compared to service. Services operations concerned more and through contact with customers rather than in manufacturing operations. Quality standards are simple to create in manufacturing whereas in service industry once quality is not easy to evaluate. Manufacturing operations can increase or decrease the finished goods record levels in respond to alter consumer demand pattern while servi ce operations cannot increase or decrease the customer demand models. Services can also comprise support operations which are also shaped and stocker rather than developing operations. Online actions are finished in services operations which fits to consumer rather than in manufacturing operations. Conclusion: The goal of this report satisfy importance of operations management and I have experienced the role of operational management in vital in any organization operational management is responsible for implementing the strategic orders and their implementations. I build up the understanding the key factors affecting the product design and strategic importance of operation management. I build my understanding of different planning techniques for capacity, inventory and quality control. It has enabled me to set goals and take the actions that will lead to best and desired destination.

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics Essay

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics Essay Corruption is defined as the impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle or as inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means such as bribery. Corruption is defined by the World Bank and Transparency International (TI) as the misuse of public office for private gain. Corruption is generally considered to be a symptom and outcome of weak governance. Examples of corruption include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. Stemming corruption requires strong oversight by parliaments, a well-performing judiciary, independent and properly resourced audit and anti-corruption agencies, vigorous law enforcement, transparency in public budgets, revenue and aid flows, as well as space for independent media and a vibrant civil society, said Huguette Labelle, chairwoman of Transparency International. Every year, Transparency International ranks 180 countries to create its corruption index. The least corrupt countries for 2009 are New Zealand and Denmark, respectively. The most corrupt countries are Somalia and Afghanistan, respectively. In comparison to Transparency Internationals 2008 ranked list, the least corrupt countries stayed the at the same ranking and the most corrupt countries only slightly changed- Somalia topped the list both years while Myanmar was the runner up in 2008. Somalia ended up as the most corrupt country on Transparency Internationals list for a variety of reasons. In 1992, most of Somalia was a disaster area. It was effectively destroyed. It had no government, no police force, nor even basic services. Murderous warlords battled savagely for control of the capital, Mogadishu and armed thugs and bandits roamed the country destroying and taking everything insight. The fighting and the drought claimed over 300,000 lives, and heartbreaking spectacles of emaciated bodies of famine victims were seen on a daily basis. Although droughts have played havoc with agricultural production, the food supply has been far more threatened by never-ending armed conflicts. It is true that external factors, including the colonial legacy, the Cold War, and other foreign meddling in African affairs, have played a role in creating the regions problems. However, the primary causes of Africas crises are of internal origin: misguided political leadership, corruption, capital flight, defective economic systems, senseless civil wars, and military vandalism. The basic problem here, besides a lack of competence, is total corruption. The top people line their pockets through political influence. It is difficult to prove the corruption, even when a top official speaks out about wrongdoing. Somalias problems could have been avoided if their leaders and elites had used their common sense. In Africa the people are the peasants the majority in every African nation. Some minimum level of stability, peace, order, civil society, and respect for civil liberties is necessary for productive activity. The principal beneficiaries of economic prosperity ought to be the peasants, not the elite minority that constitutes less than 10 percent. Another corruption-ridden country is Afghanistan. Corruption has multiple and severe adverse effects on Afghanistan. In addition to the direct financial costs of corruption (higher costs of contracts and public services, loss of public funds due to theft or misuse of government facilities and assets) there are substantial costs related to time devoted to corrupt practices by government officials, private businesses, and the public as well as, especially in the case of the security sector, the human costs (e.g. of threats, intimidation, victimization of people by security forces). Widespread corruption deters and distorts private investment. But perhaps most important, are the adverse implications of corruption, and popular perceptions of widespread corruption, for the effective functioning, credibility, and legitimacy of the state. A particular problem in this regard is drug-related corruption, allegedly involving senior Government officials, which interacts destructively with corrup tion in the security sector (especially the police) and justice sector. Not surprisingly, the basic forms of corruption in Afghanistan appear to be broadly similar to those found in other countries. These include petty corruption and bribery, extortion, outright theft of government assets, patronage, and corruption in government procurement. Examples of the former in Afghanistan include the apparently common practice of demanding money from the public for required forms and documents; bribery in return for obtaining an electricity connection, uninterrupted power service, or under-assessment of electricity bills; theft of fuel in municipal sanitation departments, etc. On the other hand, New Zealand is ranked the least corrupt country. Unlike much of the world, New Zealand is a nation where corruption is virtually unknown. It is unheard of to have to bribe public officials to do the jobs they are paid to do. Genuine wrongdoing is quickly exposed and offenders are dealt with in open court under fair and transparent laws. New Zealand has a zero tolerance policy on corruption and bribery, which means that it does not accept bribery within its own ranks or in cooperation with external partners. Not even a New Zealand police officer can be bribed. Anyone who tries to will be arrested on the spot. Everyone knows this, which is why nobody tries to, not even the worst, most desperate or richest criminals. While there have been a few instances of bribery among low-level public servants over the years, the offenders are caught and vigorously prosecuted. New Zealand has had their share of fraudulent businesspeople, but they are also prosecuted. Their justice system is a stiff and regimented one, with fiercely independent judges selected because of their legal abilities alone, not because of political views. Like New Zealand, Denmark has also adopted a zero-tolerance policy. The zero-tolerance policy means that anti-corruption clauses are now found in all Government Agreements and in all contracts with companies involved in preparing and implementing Denmarks development. All of Denmarks contracts include an anti-corruption clause, whereby companies will have to sign a declaration on non-bribery. Non-compliance with this clause might lead to a cease of contract and exclusion from future contracts. The common denominator for the least corrupt countries verses the most corrupt countries basically boils down to having an organized government and rules and regulations. In New Zealand and Denmark they clearly have a solid government with well-known anti-corruption policies. They enforce the zero tolerance level so that people realize that it isnt worth suffering the potential consequences of even trying to do wrong. Things tend to work progressively and smooth. Whereas, in the most corrupt countries the common denominator is chaos and disorganization. There tends to be no democracy or government (fair) to rule and control the citizens. And there tends to be much violence. The culture of the country does play a huge role in the countrys ethics. In the most corrupt countries, the people tend to be poor, uneducated, and live in extreme destitute conditions. There typically is no middle class only a small percentage of very wealthy and powerful and a large percentage of very poor and powerless. In the least corrupt countries, the people tend to be educated and live in comfortable conditions. Some possible ways to lessen the corrupt and unethical behaviors are to be clear and concise with anti-corruption policies. A good example is New Zealand. They have made sure that their laws are transparent and understandable. If someone does not follow the law they are prosecuted to the fullest extent. Having an enforceable zero tolerance policy is a huge step in lessening corruption. Some additional ways to lessen corruption are by improving public sector service delivery by focusing on public sector accountability and legal reform in order to re-introduce rule of law, building integrity by promoting governmental accountability and transparency; and building watchdog and enforcement agencies. Lack of accountability by national and international politicians and civil servants is probably one of the most important reasons why sustainable development has not occurred in most of the worlds poorest countries. The country needs to have an information surplus, control of the government, a nd eliminate opportunities and incentives for corrupt behavior. Social conditions such as increased literacy and education among the population can help curb corrupt behavior as well. My home country, the United States of America, ranked nineteenth on the Transparency International corruption list. US federal law prohibits bribery of both non-US and domestic federal public officials. The US federal anti-foreign bribery statute is the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977. The FCPAÂ  applies to the people of the United States and companies, stockholders, officers, directors, employees, or agents acting on behalf of a United States company. The FCPA has anti-bribery provisions and prohibits indirect as well as direct improper payments. If someone has a conscious disregard, willful blindness, or deliberate ignorance, of culpable conduct or suspicious circumstances it may be adequate to support a violation of the FCPA. The penalties for violations of the FCPAs anti-bribery and corruption provisions are severe. For criminal convictions, companies could be fined the greater of $2 million for each violation or twice the gain earned on any business obtained through conduct that violated the FCPA. In addition to similar criminal fines, individuals can be imprisoned for up to five years. For civil violations, penalties of $10,000 for each violation may be imposed both on companies and individuals. Moreover, in recent years, SEC has insisted that companies forgo all profits earned through conduct that violated the FCPA. In several recent cases, the US Department of Justice and SEC have also required companies to engage for a three-year period an independent compliance monitor that provides periodic reports to the US authorities. The US federal laws also include various domestic bribery statutes, which prohibits bribery of US domestic public officials. This statute prohibits the giving of anything of value to a public official or person who has been selected to be a public official.